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Surgery:

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Sinusitis

ABCs of Trauma Care: Understanding Airway, Breathing, and Circulation

Have you ever wondered what happens right after a serious accident or injury? When time is critical, how do you know what to do first? In trauma situations, acting quickly can mean the difference between life and death. The sooner a patient gets care, the better their chances of surviving and recovering. That is why the ABCs are the first steps in trauma care. These steps help focus on the most important parts of survival right away. With World Trauma Day coming up, read on and learn how these three simple steps can save lives when trauma occurs.

What are the ABCs of Trauma Care? [1]

The ABCs of trauma care refer to Airway, Breathing, and Circulation. These are the key steps in emergency medical care for trauma patients. In emergencies, healthcare professionals use this sequence to quickly check and handle life-threatening issues. Each step plays an important role:

  • Airway: Ensuring that the airway is clear so the patient can breathe.
  • Breathing: Check if the patient is breathing effectively and provide assistance if needed.
  • Circulation: Ensuring that blood is flowing properly through the body and managing any bleeding.

The ABCs help first responders, doctors, and paramedics stabilise trauma patients and improve their chances of survival. Now, let us take a closer look at each part.

A – Airway: Ensuring an Open and Clear Airway

Importance of Airway Management

In any trauma situation, the first and most important step is making sure the airway is open. If a person cannot breathe, they will not survive, no matter how well the rest of their body is functioning. Airway blockages can happen due to facial injuries, objects blocking the airway, or the position of the person’s head. Clearing these blockages right away is crucial for survival.

Airway Management Techniques

To manage the airway, different techniques are used based on the situation. Simple methods include tilting the head back or lifting the chin to keep the airway open. In more serious cases, advanced techniques like placing a tube in the throat might be needed. Emergency responders are trained to quickly assess and fix airway problems.

B – Breathing: Assessing and Supporting Effective Breathing

Importance of Breathing Assessment

After making sure the airway is clear, the next step is to check if the patient is breathing properly. Breathing problems can happen due to injuries to the chest, lungs, or other parts of the respiratory system. If the patient isn’t breathing well, the body’s organs, especially the brain, won’t get enough oxygen, which can lead to serious complications.

Breathing Support and Interventions

If the patient isn’t breathing well, healthcare providers may need to help. This might involve giving oxygen through a mask or using artificial breathing methods like bag-mask ventilation. These techniques make sure the patient gets enough oxygen to keep their organs working properly.

Common Breathing Issues in Trauma

Some common breathing-related complications in trauma include collapsed lungs, broken ribs, and airway blockages. These can be life-threatening and need immediate attention.

Monitoring and Reassessment

Breathing needs to be checked constantly, as things can change quickly in trauma patients. Healthcare providers will keep reassessing the patient’s breathing and make adjustments if needed. This helps prevent more problems and aids in recovery.

C – Circulation: Managing Blood Flow and Addressing Bleeding

Importance of Circulation Assessment

The “C” in ABC stands for Circulation, which means making sure blood is flowing properly through the body. Trauma can cause a lot of blood loss, which can lead to a serious condition called shock. Without enough blood flow, organs and tissues will not get the oxygen and nutrients they need, which can be life-threatening.

Assessment of Circulation

To check circulation, healthcare providers assess the patient’s pulse, blood pressure, and overall blood flow. Signs of poor circulation include a weak pulse, pale skin, and confusion, which can mean that the brain and other organs aren’t getting enough blood.

Circulation Support and Interventions

To help circulation, healthcare providers may control bleeding using bandages or pressure, give intravenous (IV) fluids to keep blood pressure stable, or even perform a blood transfusion if needed. These actions are important for preventing shock and stabilising the patient.

Conclusion

Accidents can strike unexpectedly, and every second counts when saving a life. On this World Trauma Day, understand and spread awareness of the ABCs of trauma care and contribute to a safer and more prepared community.

https://www.mayoclinic.org/medical-professionals/trauma/news/managing-penetrating-trauma/mac-20518677
https://www.narayanahealth.org/blog/abcs-of-trauma-resuscitation-airway-breathing-and-circulation
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000007.htm
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4068090/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7296362/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547757/

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Hernia

Common Myths About Hernias Addressed

Have you ever heard someone say that only men get hernias? Or that all hernias need surgery? These are just a couple of the many myths floating around about hernias. It’s easy to be misled by misinformation, especially when it comes to health. Understanding the facts about hernias can make a significant difference in how we approach prevention and treatment. Let’s clear up these common misconceptions.

Myth 1: Hernias Only Occur in Men

Clarification and Facts: While it is true that men are more likely to develop certain types of hernias, such as inguinal hernias, women and children are not immune to this condition. Hernias can occur in anyone, regardless of gender or age. For instance, umbilical hernias are more common in infants and pregnant women, while femoral hernias tend to occur more frequently in women owing to the wider shape of the female pelvis.

Myth 2: All Hernias Require Surgery

Explanation: Not all hernias require immediate surgical intervention. The decision to undergo surgery depends on multiple factors like the size and location of the hernia, symptoms, and complications. Some small and asymptomatic hernias can be monitored through a watchful waiting approach. However, surgery becomes necessary if there is a risk of complications such as strangulation, where the blood supply to the herniated tissue is cut off, or incarceration, where the hernia becomes trapped and cannot be pushed back in.

Myth 3: Hernias Are Always Painful

Variability of Symptoms: Hernia pain can vary greatly in intensity, from mild discomfort to severe pain. It depends on the type and severity of the hernia.

Symptoms to Watch For: Apart from pain, other symptoms of a hernia include a visible bulge in the affected area, heaviness or pressure, and discomfort that worsens with activities such as lifting, bending, or coughing. Look out for these signs and seek medical advice if you suspect a hernia.

Myth 4: You Can Push a Hernia Back In Yourself

Risks of Self-Treatment: Attempting to push a hernia back in manually can be dangerous and is not recommended. This practice, known as reduction, can lead to serious complications.

Recommended Action: If you suspect you have a hernia, it is crucial to seek medical attention. A healthcare provider can perform a proper evaluation and recommend a suitable treatment plan.

Myth 5: A Truss or Belt Can Cure a Hernia

Effectiveness and Limitations: While trusses and belts may provide temporary relief from the symptoms of a hernia, they do not address the underlying cause. These devices work by applying pressure to the hernia, which can help reduce discomfort and prevent the hernia from protruding. However, they do not offer a permanent solution and should not be relied upon as a cure.
Medical Advice: Before using any supportive devices, it is important to consult with a healthcare provider.

Myth 6: Exercising With a Hernia Is Safe

Safe vs. Unsafe Activities: Exercising with a hernia can be safe, but it is important to choose the right activities. Low-impact exercises such as walking, swimming, and yoga can be beneficial without putting excessive strain on the hernia[6]. However, high-impact activities and exercises that involve heavy lifting or intense abdominal strain should be avoided.
Preventive Measures: When exercising with a hernia, it is crucial to listen to your body and avoid any movements that cause discomfort.

Myth 7: Hernias Are Caused Solely by Heavy Lifting

Broader Causes: While heavy lifting is a common cause of hernias, it is not the only factor. Other causes include chronic cough, obesity, and conditions that increase abdominal pressure, such as constipation and pregnancy[1]. Hernias can also result from a combination of these factors.
Risk Reduction Strategies: To reduce the risk of developing a hernia, it is important to maintain a healthy weight, practice proper lifting techniques, avoid smoking (to reduce chronic cough), and ensure a balanced diet rich in fibre to prevent constipation. Additionally, engaging in regular exercise to strengthen the core muscles can help support the abdominal wall.

Conclusion

Understanding the facts about hernias is crucial in managing and preventing this condition effectively. By debunking these common myths, we hope to provide you with a clearer understanding of hernias and the importance of seeking appropriate medical advice.

[1] https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15757-hernia
[2] https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/umbilical-hernia/symptoms-causes/syc-20378685
[3] https://www.parents.com/pregnancy/my-body/aches-pains/pregnancy-symptoms-complaints-umbilical-hernia/#:~:text=Umbilical%20hernias%20are%20a%20common,during%20pregnancy%20or%20after%20delivery.
[4] https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/femoral-hernia-repair/#:~:text=It%20pushes%20through%20a%20weak,hernias%20are%20rare%20in%20children.
[5] https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320888#:~:text=A%20strangulated%20hernia%20occurs%20when,Any%20hernia%20can%20become%20strangulated.
[6] https://www.nghs.com/2021/04/12/can-i-exercise-when-i-have-a-hernia
[7] https://ketteringhealth.org/5-tips-for-preventing-a-hernia/

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C-Section/Caesarean

Tips to Prepare Yourself for a Planned C-Section

Are you scheduled for a planned C-section and feeling a mix of excitement and nervousness? You are not alone! Many expectant parents experience a whirlwind of emotions leading to the big day. The good news is that with the right preparation, you can approach your planned C-section with confidence and peace of mind. This guide is designed to help you navigate the journey ahead, offering practical tips and insights to ensure you’re fully prepared for a smooth and positive experience. Let’s get started on this important chapter of your pregnancy!

What is a Planned C-Section?

A planned C-section, also known as a cesarean section, is a surgical procedure scheduled in advance to deliver a baby. Unlike emergency C-sections, which are performed due to unforeseen complications during labour, planned C-sections are decided upon before labour begins.

Reasons for a Planned C-Section

There are several reasons why a planned C-section might be necessary:

  • Previous C-Section: If you have had a C-section in a previous pregnancy, a repeat C-section may be recommended.
  • Medical Conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as placenta previa or high blood pressure, can make a C-section a safer option.
  • Multiple Pregnancies: If you are expecting twins or more, a C-section may be planned to ensure the safety of all babies.
  • Breech Position: If your baby is not in a head-down position, a C-section might be necessary.

What to Expect During the C-Section Surgery

Understanding the procedure can help address some of the anxieties associated with a planned C-section. Here is a brief overview of what to expect:

  • Preparation: You will be taken to the operating room, where you will receive anesthesia.
  • Incision: The surgeon will make a horizontal incision in the lower abdomen and then another in the uterus.
  • Delivery: The baby will be gently lifted out, and you may briefly see your baby before they are taken for initial medical checks.
  • Closing the Incision: The incisions will be closed with sutures, which typically dissolve on their own over time.
  • Recovery Room: You will be moved to a recovery room where you can start bonding with your baby and begin the recovery process.

Physical Preparation

One of the first steps in preparing for a planned C-section is having a detailed discussion with your healthcare provider. This consultation will cover:

  • Medical History: Review your medical history and any previous surgeries.
  • Current Health: Assess your current health status and discuss any concerns.
  • Procedure Details: Understand the specifics of the C-section procedure and post-operative care.
  • Pre-Surgery Instructions: Follow any pre-surgery guidelines provided by your healthcare provider.

Diet and Nutrition

Maintaining a healthy diet is vital in the weeks before your C-section. Eat a balanced diet of proteins, fibre, carbohydrates, and healthy fats. Ensure you consume essential vitamins and minerals, particularly iron, calcium, and folic acid.
Steer clear of foods that could cause bloating or discomfort. Drink plenty of water to stay hydrated.

Exercise

Staying active can help you maintain your strength and endurance, which can be beneficial during recovery. Consider engaging in gentle exercises like walking or prenatal yoga. Strengthen your pelvic floor muscles with specific exercises. Always consult your healthcare provider before starting any new exercise routine.

Packing the Hospital Bag

Packing your hospital bag in advance can help you feel more prepared. Remember to pack personal documents, comfortable clothing, baby essentials, toiletries, and devices or magazines to keep you occupied.

Emotional Preparation

Educating yourself about the C-section process can help you feel more in control and less anxious. Consider reading books, referring to online resources and attending classes and workshops.

Emotional Health

Taking care of your emotional health is just as important as physical preparation. Practice mindfulness techniques and relaxation exercises, use positive affirmations to maintain a positive mindset and consider speaking to a counsellor or therapist if you feel particularly anxious.
Having a strong support system can make a significant difference in your preparation and recovery, so communicate with family and friends about your needs and expectations.

Day Before the Surgery

The day before your C-section, focus on final preparations. Adhere to any specific instructions from your healthcare provider, such as fasting. Confirm your hospital admission time and any last-minute details.

Conclusion

Preparing for a planned C-section involves both physical and emotional readiness. By understanding what to expect and following these preparation tips, you can approach your C-section with confidence and ease.

[1] https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/caesarean-section
[2] https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/c-section/about/pac-20393655#:~:text=during%20C%2Dsections-,A%20C%2Dsection%20includes%20an%20abdominal%20incision%20and%20a%20uterine,be%20done%20in%20various%20ways.
[3] https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/nutrition-during-pregnancy
[4] https://kinfertility.com.au/blog/preparing-for-a-c-section

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Bariatric

Understanding Surgery for weight loss: Who is it really for?

Weight loss surgery also known as or Bariatric or Metabolic surgery are several terms used, interchangeably for patients suffering from Obesity and its health complications. The surgery has become very common and can be truly life-changing for patients. We have to understand that Obesity is a “disease” and not just a cosmetic problem or a character flaw. Someone thinking about the surgery needs to understand the changes in lifestyle that come with the surgery, and the habits one should build to become healthier.
First of all it is really important to know that this is NOT a cosmetic procedure that removes some body fat. This surgery “resets” the GI system of the body. There are different types of Bariatric surgery which are all generally done either Laparoscopically or with Robotic assistance. The surgery works in several ways, including restricting the diet, decreasing the absorption of food and most importantly, the metabolic or hormonal changes that happen with the surgery.
So, in fact, it is a procedure where the effectiveness of the surgery is user dependent. Someone can take great help from the procedure and put it to great benefit for themselves by following the diet, exercise recommendations, losing most of their excess weight and getting rid of diabetes, high blood pressure and several other complications. The surgery can greatly improve not only physical but also mental health. At the same time reducing the risk of heart disease, stroke and several cancers.

So who is the surgery really for?

A 23 year old Male with a strong family history of Obesity started suffering very early in life and got into a vicious circle of weight, poor self esteem and depression with comfort eating and progressive weight gain. He had been trying to lose weight over 2 years with dieting and exercise but after losing 10-12 Kg when things would stall he would give up which became a constant source of frustration for him. After Bariatric surgery he lost 15 kg in one month and was able to easily follow the recommended diet due to reduced hunger. He started exercising vigorously within a month of surgery and took things to the next level with the self-encouragement. Within one year he lost 60 Kg weight going from 150 Kg to 90 Kg and gained significant muscle mass. Exercise became his new passion so much so that it really helped him follow a very strict diet with almost excluding carbohydrates!

A 37 year old female gained significant weight during pregnancy and continued to put on weight later which she found extremely hard to keep off. When she developed diabetes requiring medications at such a young age she resolved to get rid of the excess baggage. Laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery meant that the very next day of surgery her diabetes went into remission and all the medicines were stopped. Within 3 months of surgery she lost 25 Kg weight and felt active enough to resume her job that she had left a year back.

A 55 year old Male started putting on weight in his early 40s due to a desk job with minimal activity and compounded by poor eating habits. He started smoking excessively due to depression creeping in. When at age 53 he suffered a massive heart attack requiring emergency cardiac surgery he got a jolt and a wakeup call. After recovering from the surgery the Cardiologist suggested Bariatric surgery to help reduced his risk factors as he was BMI 47 with hypertension, high cholesterol, and having already suffered a heart attack at a young age. He stopped smoking and a month later consulted for Bariatric surgery to address the burning issue of Morbid obesity. After adequate pre surgery evaluation including a Stress Echo test he underwent the surgery successfully. He lost 45 Kg weight over a year, stopped medicines for high BP and cholesterol. He gradually began exercising almost an hour daily!

A 65-year-old female had avoided her weight issue up until a point where he knees gave up due to severe Osteoarthritis. She was advised to lose 20 Kg weight before a Knee replacement, a task much easier said than done when you can’t walk! Which is when she decided to take the help of Bariatric surgery. Within one year of surgery she lost 25 Kg weight and a year later underwent a successful knee replacement surgery. “I feel 20 years younger and can do things now that I haven’t done for over 10 years!” to put it in her own words.

These are some real-life examples of people who decide to take their life back in their hands and not just underwent surgery but also followed the diet and exercise recommendations afterward with regular follow-up. With the right care, taking proper protein, multivitamin supplements and regular exercise complications can be low. More importantly, the benefits of the surgery far outweigh the risks associated with it. Ultimately one has to themselves make an informed choice for their health!

The blog has been authored by Dr Vikas Singhal, Associate Director- GI and Bariatric Surgery. The content is for informational purposes only and should not be taken as professional medical advice.

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Peripheral Vascular

Stress and Its Effects on Peripheral Vascular Disease

Have you ever felt like stress is taking a toll on your health? You’re not wrong. Stress affects more than just your mind; it can have severe consequences on your body, too, especially when it comes to peripheral vascular disease (PVD). Peripheral vascular disease, a condition where narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to the limbs, can be worsened by chronic stress. But how exactly does stress impact this condition, and what can you do to manage it? Let’s explore the connection between stress and peripheral vascular disease and discover practical ways to improve your vascular health through effective stress management.

How Stress Affects Vascular Health

Stress responses in the body are natural reactions designed to protect us in dangerous situations. However, chronic stress might lead to various health problems, including peripheral vascular disease. When we experience stress, our bodies tend to release hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol. These hormones prepare the body for a “fight or flight” response, leading to an increase in heart rate and blood pressure[1]. While this response is beneficial in short bursts, prolonged stress can cause significant harm to vascular health.

Stress Responses

When stress triggers the release of adrenaline and cortisol, it causes the blood vessels to constrict, leading to higher blood pressure. This increased pressure on the vascular system can damage the inner lining of the arteries. This makes them more susceptible to plaque buildup[2]. Over time, this can contribute to the development and worsening of peripheral vascular disease.

Long-term Effects

Chronic stress can lead to persistent inflammation in the body[3], which is a risk factor for peripheral vascular disease. Inflammation can cause damage to the vascular walls. This in turn promotes plaque formation and increases the risk of thrombosis (blood clots). These clots might obstruct blood flow and lead to complications such as heart attacks or strokes.

Stress and PVD Risk

Several studies have highlighted the link between stress and an increased risk of developing peripheral vascular disease. Individuals experiencing high levels of stress are more likely to develop PVD compared to those with lower stress levels[4]. This underscores the importance of effective stress management strategies to prevent and manage peripheral vascular disease.

Stress Triggers and Symptoms in PVD

Understanding the triggers and symptoms of stress in individuals with peripheral vascular disease is crucial for effective management. Stressors can be both emotional and physical, each contributing to the worsening of PVD.

  • Emotional stressors such as job pressure, family issues, and financial worries can significantly impact vascular health[5]. These stressors lead to increased cortisol levels, promoting inflammation and vascular damage.
  • Physical stressors, including sleep deprivation and poor diet, can also worsen the symptoms of peripheral vascular disease[6][7]. Lack of sleep can increase blood pressure, while a poor diet can lead to the accumulation of unhealthy fats in the blood vessels.

Symptoms of Peripheral Vascular Disease to Watch For[8]

Individuals with peripheral vascular disease should be aware of the symptoms that might indicate increased stress levels affecting their condition.

  • Intermittent claudication, characterized by pain and cramping in the legs during physical activity, is a common symptom.
  • Changes in skin colour, such as paleness or a bluish tint, can also indicate poor blood flow.
  • Additionally, non-healing ulcers or sores on the legs and feet are critical signs that stress may be worsening the condition.

Managing Stress to Improve Vascular Health[9]

Effectively managing stress is important for improving vascular health and preventing the progression of peripheral vascular disease. Several strategies can help reduce stress and its impact on vascular health.

  • Exercise: Regular low-impact exercises like walking, swimming, and cycling reduce stress and improve cardiovascular health.
  • Diet: A diet rich in antioxidants, whole grains, fruits, and vegetables reduces inflammation. Avoid excessive salt, oily & processed foods.
  • Mindfulness and Relaxation: Incorporate meditation, yoga, and deep breathing to reduce stress and promote relaxation.
  • Professional Help: Seek therapy for chronic stress. Cognitive-behavioural therapy offers effective coping strategies.
  • Healthcare Providers: Consult healthcare providers for personalized stress reduction and treatment adjustments for optimal vascular health.

Wrapping It Up

Stress plays a significant role in the progression of peripheral vascular disease. Understanding the impact of stress and implementing effective management strategies can significantly improve outcomes for individuals with PVD.

[1] https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/understanding-the-stress-response
[2] https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=1&ContentID=2171#:~:text=Studies%20suggest%20that%20the%20high,plaque%20deposits%20in%20the%20arteries.
[3]https://www.yalemedicine.org/news/stress-affects-your-heart#:~:text=%E2%80%9CLong%2Dterm%E2%80%94or%20chronic,heart%20rhythms%2C%20and%20heart%20failure.
[4]https://newsroom.heart.org/news/work-related-stress-linked-to-increased-risk-for-peripheral-artery-disease#:~:text=Researchers%20found%20that%20people%20with,age%2C%20sex%20and%20lifestyle%20variables.
[6] https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/insufficient-sleep-tied-to-increased-risk-of-a-condition-that-may-lead-to-stroke#Using-genetic-data-to-study-PAD-risk
[8]https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/peripheral-vascular-disease
[9] https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?ContentTypeID=1&ContentID=2171#:~:text=Get%20plenty%20of%20exercise&text=Exercise%20can%20help%20to%20improve,reduced%20physical%20response%20to%20stress.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/in-depth/stress-and-high-blood-pressure/art-20044190
https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-the-fight-or-flight-response-2795194#:~:text=These%20hormones%20cause%20the%20sympathetic,blood%20pressure%2C%20and%20breathing%20rate.
https://newsroom.heart.org/news/work-related-stress-linked-to-increased-risk-for-peripheral-artery-disease
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/peripheral-vascular-disease

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